http://www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-paralysis-prosthetic-arms-20131106,0,5201548.story#axzz2qfZqj0CE

http://www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-paralysis-prosthetic-arms-20131106,0,5201548.story#axzz2qfZqj0CE

http://www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-paralysis-prosthetic-arms-20131106,0,5201548.story#axzz2qfZqj0CE

http://www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-paralysis-prosthetic-arms-20131106,0,5201548.story#axzz2qfZqj0CE

http://www.latimes.com/news/science/sciencenow/la-sci-prosthetic-boston-marathon-victims-20130430,0,5344904.story#axzz2qfZqj0CE

http://www.latimes.com/news/science/sciencenow/la-sci-prosthetic-boston-marathon-victims-20130430,0,5344904.story#axzz2qfZqj0CE

How should we talk about mental health? Posted on December 18, 2013 by Shane O’Mara

Mental health suffers from a major image problem. One in every four people experiences mental health issues — yet more than 40 percent of countries worldwide have no mental health policy. Across the board it seems like we have no idea how to talk about it respectfully and responsibly.

Stigma and discrimination are the two biggest obstacles to a productive public dialogue about mental health; indeed, the problem seems to be largely one of communication. So we asked seven mental health experts: How should we talk about mental health? How can informed and sensitive people do it right – and how can the media do it responsibly?

End the stigma

Easier said than done, of course. Says journalist Andrew Solomon, whose tear-inducing talk about depression was published today: “People still think that it’s shameful if they have a mental illness. They think it shows personal weakness. They think it shows a failing. If it’s their children who have mental illness, they think it reflects their failure as parents.” This self-inflicted stigma can make it difficult for people to speak about even their own mental health problems. According to neuroscientist Sarah Caddick, this is because when someone points to his wrist to tell you it’s broken, you can easily understand the problem, but that’s not the case when the issue is with the three-pound mass hidden inside someone’s skull. “The minute you start talking about your mind, people get very anxious, because we associate that with being who we are, fundamentally with ‘us’ — us as a person, us as an individual, our thoughts, our fears, our hopes, our aspirations, our everything.” Says mental health care advocate Vikram Patel, “Feeling miserable could in fact be seen as part of you or an extension of your social world, and applying a biomedical label is not always something that everyone with depression, for example, is comfortable with.” Banishing the stigma attached to mental health issues can go a long way to facilitating genuinely useful conversations.

Avoid correlations between criminality and mental illness

People are too quick to dole out judgments on people who experience mental health problems, grouping them together when isolated incidents of violence or crime occur. Says Caddick, “You get a major incident like Columbine or Virginia Tech and then the media asks, ‘Why didn’t people know that he was bipolar?’ ‘Was he schizophrenic?’ From there, some people think, ‘Well, everybody with bipolar disease is likely to go out and shoot down a whole bunch of people in a school,’ or, ‘People who are schizophrenics shouldn’t be out on the street.’” Solomon agrees that this correlation works against a productive conversation about mental health: “The tendency to connect people’s crimes to mental illness diagnoses that are not in fact associated with criminality needs to go away. ‘This person murdered everyone because he was depressed.’ You think, yes, you could sort of indicate here this person was depressed and he murdered everyone, but most people who are depressed do not murder everyone.”

But do correlate more between mental illness and suicide

According to the National Institute for Mental Health (NIMH), 90 percent of people who die by suicide have depression or other mental disorders, or substance-abuse disorders in conjunction with other mental disorders. Yet we don’t give this link its due. Says Solomon, “Just as the association between mental illness and crime is too strong, the connection between mental illness and suicide is too weak. So I feel like what I constantly read in the articles is that ‘so-and-so killed himself because his business had gone bankrupt and his wife had left him.’ And I think, okay, those were the triggering circumstances, but he killed himself because he suffered from a mental illness that drove him to kill himself. He was terribly depressed.”

Avoid words like “crazy” or “psycho”

Not surprisingly, nearly all the mental health experts we consulted were quick to decry playground slang like “mental,” “schizo,” “crazy,” “loonie,” or “nutter,” stigmatizing words that become embedded in people’s minds from a young age. NIMH Director Thomas Insel takes that one step further — he doesn’t like the category of “mental health problems” in general. He says, “Should we call cancer a ‘cell cycle problem’? Calling serious mental illness a ‘behavioral health problem’ is like calling cancer a ‘pain problem.’” Comedian Ruby Wax, however, has a different point of view: “I call people that are mentally disturbed, you know, I say they’re crazy. I think in the right tone, that’s not the problem. Let’s not get caught in the minutiae of it.”

If you feel comfortable talking about your own experience with mental health, by all means, do so

Self-advocacy can be very powerful. It reaches people who are going through similar experiences as well as the general public. Solomon believes that people equipped to share their experiences should do so: “The most moving letter I ever received in a way was one that was only a sentence long, and it came from someone who didn’t sign his name. He just wrote me a postcard and said, ‘I was going to kill myself, but I read your book and changed my mind.’ And really, I thought, okay, if nobody else ever reads anything I’ve written, I’ve done some good in the world. It’s very important just to keep writing about these things, because I think there’s a trickle-down effect, and that the vocabulary that goes into serious books actually makes its way into the common experience — at least a little bit of it does — and makes it easier to talk about all of these things.” Solomon, Wax, as well as Temple Grandin, below, have all become public figures for mental health advocacy through sharing their own experiences.

Don’t define a person by his/her mental illnesses

Just as a tumor need not define a person, the same goes for mental illness. Although the line between mental health and the “rest” of a person is somewhat blurry, experts say the distinction is necessary. Says Insel: “We need to talk about mental disorders the way we talk about other medical disorders. We generally don’t let having a medical illness define a person’s identity, yet we are very cautious about revealing mental illness because it will somehow define a person’s competence or even suggest dangerousness.” Caddick agrees: “There’s a lot of things that go on in the brain, and just because one thing goes wrong doesn’t mean that everything’s going wrong.”

Separate the person from the problem

Continuing from the last, Insel and Patel both recommend avoiding language that identifies people only by their mental health problems. Says Insel, speak of “someone with schizophrenia,” not “the schizophrenic.” (Although, he points out, people with autism do often ask to be referred to as “autistic.”) Making this distinction clear, says Patel, honors and respects the individual. “What you’re really saying is, this is something that’s not part of a person; it’s something the person is suffering from or is living with, and it’s a different thing from the person.”

Sometimes the problem isn’t that we’re using the wrong words, but that we’re not talking at all

Sometimes it just starts with speaking up. In Solomon’s words: “Wittgenstein said, ‘All I know is what I have words for.’ And I think that if you don’t have the words for it, you can’t explain to somebody else what your need is. To some degree, you can’t even explain to yourself what your need is. And so you can’t get better.” But, as suicide prevention advocate Chris Le knows well, there are challenges to talking about suicide and depression. Organizations aiming to raise awareness about depression and suicide have to wrangle with suicide contagion, or copycat suicides that can be sparked by media attention, especially in young people. Le, though, feels strongly that promoting dialogue ultimately helps. One simple solution, he says, is to keep it personal: “Reach out to your friends. If you’re down, talk to somebody, because remember that one time that your friend was down, and you talked to them, and they felt a little better? So reach out, support people, talk about your emotions and get comfortable with them.”

Recognize the amazing contributions of people with mental health differences

Says autism activist Temple Grandin: “If it weren’t for a little bit of autism, we wouldn’t have any phones to talk on.” She describes the tech community as filled with autistic pioneers. “Einstein definitely was; he had no language until age three. How about Steve Jobs? I’ll only mention the dead ones by name. The live ones, you’ll have to look them up on the Internet.” Of depression, Grandin says: “The organizations involved with depression need to be emphasizing how many really creative people, people whose books we love, whose movies we love, their arts, have had a lot of problems with depression. See, a little bit of those genetics makes you sensitive, makes you emotional, makes you sensitive — and that makes you creative in a certain way.”

Humor helps

Humor, some say, is the best medicine for your brain. Says comedian Wax: “If you surround [your message] with comedy, you have an entrée into their psyche. People love novelty, so for me it’s sort of foreplay: I’m softening them up, and then you can deliver as dark as you want. But if you whine, if you whine about being a woman or being black, good luck. Everybody smells it. But it’s true. People are liberated by laughing at themselves.”

Stability of subicular place fields across multiple light and dark transitions. Posted on December 15, 2013 by Shane O’Mara

Stability of subicular place fields across multiple light and dark transitions.

Take-home message: subicular place cells have larger and coarser place cells than CA1 cells; a plurality of subicular cells are stable across multiple light-dark-light transitions, however (not too dissimilar to CA1 cells).  [Download the paper.]

Eur J Neurosci. 2010 Aug;32(4):648-58. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07308.x.

Brotons-Mas JR, Montejo N, O’Mara SM, Sanchez-Vives MV.

Although hippocampal CA1 place cells can be strongly modulated by visual inputs, the effect of visual modulation on place cells in other areas of the hippocampal formation, such as the subiculum, has been less extensively explored. Here, we investigated the role of visual inputs on the activity of subicular place cells by manipulating ambient light levels while freely-moving rats foraged for food. Rats were implanted with tetrodes in the dorsal subiculum and units were recorded while the animal performed a pellet-chasing task during multiple light-to-dark and dark-to-light transitions. We found that subicular place fields presented a somewhat heterogeneous response to light-dark transitions, with 45% of pyramidal units showing stable locational firing across multiple light-dark-light transitions. These data suggest that visual inputs may participate in spatial information processing by the subiculum. However, as a plurality of units was stable across light-dark transitions, we suggest that the subiculum supports, probably in association with the grid cells of theentorhinal cortex, the neurocognitive processing underlying path integration.
PMID: 20718857 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

 

Reflections on the representations and implications of torture from medieval Siena (the Museo della Tortura) and London (the London Dungeon)

Posted on December 6, 2013 by Shane O’Mara

La Balzana, beautiful Siena, the extravagant, the eccentric, sitting atop a hill in Tuscany, is another world. Once a medieval town of wealth and consequence; later marooned, isolated and preserved by the Black Death and the shifting alliances of the Italian City States. To sit in the Piazza Del Campo on a warm summer’s evening slowly turning to night, watching the transit and tumult of the crowds, is wonderful; climbing the 100 metre-high Torre del Mangia, (fortified by a doppio espresso), is exhausting and exhilarating.

Italia, Siena, Fontana di piazza del Campo, dalla Torre del Mangia (Photo credit: Wikipedia)

The view of the city and adjacent hills takes away what little breath you have left. The streets and buildings appear unchanged in five hundred years. Absent cars set the scenic journey into the past. Before and after the Palio, the twice-per-summer horse race around the oyster-shell Campo, there are parades in medieval costume, banners and flags aloft, drumming, and the wonder of a different time and place. Every time I visit, I find myself wanting to live here.

Siena has dark secrets too. Go down a small side street, the Vicolo del Bargello, and you find a quaint museum, the Museo Della Tortura. Retreating from the sunshine and the 21st Century into this thick-walled set of rooms is a journey to a different world. It is a world before car and computer; is a world before the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and War Crimes Tribunals at The Hague.

Great brain visual

Interactive Brain Model

Neuro

Roles for the subiculum in spatial information processing, memory, motivation and the temporal control of behaviour.
Posted on October 9, 2013 by Shane O’Mara

Modified drawing of the neural circuitry of the rodent hippocampus.
(Photo credit: Wikipedia)
Take-home message: The subiculum is in a pivotal position governing the output of the hippocampal formation. Despite this, it is a rather under-explored and sometimes ignored structure. Here, we discuss recent data indicating that the subiculum participates in a wide range of neurocognitive functions and processes. More research required!
Roles for the subiculum in spatial information processing, memory, motivation and the temporal control of behaviour.
Paper
The subiculum is in a pivotal position governing the output of the hippocampal formation. Despite this, it is a rather under-explored and sometimes ignored structure. Here, we discuss recent data indicating that the subiculum participates in a wide range of neurocognitive functions and processes. Some of the functions of subiculum are relatively well-known-these include providing a relatively coarse representation of space and participating in, and supporting certain aspects of, memory (particularly in the dynamic bridging of temporal intervals). The subiculum also participates in a wide variety of other neurocognitive functions too, however. Much less well-known are roles for the subiculum, and particularly the ventral subiculum, in the response to fear, stress and anxiety, and in the generation of motivated behaviour (particularly the behaviour that underlies drug addiction and the response to reward). There is an emerging suggestion that the subiculum participates in the temporal control of behaviour. It is notable that these latter findings have emerged from a consideration of instrumental behaviour using operant techniques; it may well be the case that the use of the watermaze or similar spatial tasks to assess subicular function (on the presumption that its functions are very similar to the hippocampus proper) has obscured rather than revealed neurocognitive functions of subiculum. The anatomy of subiculum suggests it participates in a rather subtle fashion in a very broad range of functions, rather than in a relatively more isolated fashion in a narrower range of functions, as might be the case for “earlier” components of hippocampal circuitry, such as the CA1 and CA3 subfields. Overall, there appears to a strong dorso-ventral segregation of function within subiculum, with the dorsal subiculum relatively more concerned with space and memory, and the ventral hippocampus concerned with stress, anxiety and reward. Finally, it may be the case that the whole subiculum participates in the temporal control of reinforced behaviour, although further experimentation is required to clarify this hypothesis.

Resveratrol as an exercise mimetic

Resveratrol as an exercise mimetic – direct comparisons with aerobic exercise, and positive effects on cognitive function: 

Resveratrol (Photo credit: Wikipedia)

Aerobic exercise has marked effects on cognitive function, even in an elderly group at risk for  Alzheimer’s disease. Aerobic exercise may not be suitable for certain groups, especially the frail or those at risk of falls. Exercise mimetics may therefore prove an attractive for treatment option the frail, who would benefit from exercise-induced changes in peripheral and central function.

 The polyphenol, resveratrol, rose to attention over the past 15 years as a possible explanation for the “French Paradox”. Resveratrol is a highly active polyphenol found in certain plants, such as grapes and peanuts, that provides protection from invading pathogens and environmental stressors. Since its discovery as an antioxidant in red wine, research has revealed many beneficial effects on the human end-organ function. These include anti-diabetic properties, cardioprotection, neuroprotection, anti-cancer effects, encouraged mortality and improved metabolism.

Here are our posters (as downloadable pdfs) on potential effects of resveratrol from the Annual Society for Neuroscience meetings:

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TCIN shortlisted for Irish Lab Awards in 2 categories

http://www.labawards.ie/

Congratulations to Prof Kingston Mills who picked up research lab of the year award and 3 other awards.